Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

A higher Sortino ratio can indicate a good return relative to the risk taken. The Sortino ratio focuses on downside volatility, while the Sharpe ratio considers both upside and downside volatility in ...

Check both net and gross expense ratios when choosing funds; discounts may be temporary. Aim for funds with low expense ratios to enhance investment returns over time. Passively managed index funds ...

Discover how the loss ratio and combined ratio assess insurance profitability by comparing incurred losses to premiums and expenses.